TOPIC – Big on hopes, short on ideas
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman fourth successive budget, while common sensical in its approach, is not exactly bubbling with new ideas. With the economy still in search of durable momentum that could help entrench the recovery from the last fiscal year’s record contraction, Ms. Sitharaman has missed an opportunity to address the flagging consumer spending in the wake of erosion in real incomes and savings through a combination of tax breaks for the middle class and cash handouts for the poor. And even as the Minister acknowledges the role public capital expenditure could play in crowding in private investment at a time when “private investments seem to require that support” and help to ‘pump prime’ demand in the economy, the Budget outlay of ₹7.50 lakh crore for the capital account marks just a 24.4% increase from the revised estimate of ₹6.03 lakh crore for the current fiscal. To be sure, Ms. Sitharaman speech highlights the PM GatiShakti, a “transformative approach for economic growth and sustainable development” that is to be powered by the ‘seven engines’ of roads, railways, airports, ports, mass transport, waterways, and logistics infrastructure. While the broad sweep of the public infrastructure envisioned by the programme could potentially be truly transformative if it were to be executed as imagined, the Budget is largely short on details where it concerns the specifics and pencils in some figures only for the roads and railways components. The Budget lists a ‘Master Plan for Expressways’ that will be formulated in 202223 under the scheme and projects the addition of 25,000 kilometers of roads to the National Highways network. The talk of enabling seamless multimodal movement of goods and people and providing multimodal connectivity between mass urban transit systems and railway stations, however, all sound a familiar refrain from past speeches. Spending outlays on several other key sectors including health care, rural development and the vital jobs and income providing national rural employment guarantee scheme have all shrunk as a percentage of overall expenditure in the Budget estimates for fiscal 2023 from the revised estimates for the current year, even if in some cases only marginally. That these sectors have been forced to bear the impact of the Government’s keenness to broadly stick to a fiscal consolidation road map — with the Budget projecting a narrowing of the fiscal deficit to 6.4% of GDP in 2022-23, from a revised estimate for 6.9% — reflects on its priorities. Government spending on health care ought to have instead been significantly increased, with the lessons from the ongoing pandemic’s first two waves serving to illuminate the need for a sizeable enlargement of the public health infrastructure. A source of some solace, though, is the announcement of a ‘National Tele Mental Health Programme’ to address mental health problems that have been exacerbated by the claustrophobic lockdowns and plethora of anxieties triggered by the pandemic. In a nod to the ruling party’s nationalist moorings and in line with the Government’s push to increase self reliance or Atma Nirbharta, the Finance Minister has proposed a series of tariff and policy steps that could help bolster domestic manufacturing in the long run. A key policy element is a commitment to reduce import dependence in procurement for the country’s defense forces. To that end the Minister has proposed earmarking 68% of the armed forces’ capital procurement budget to domestic industry in 2022-23, a not insignificant increase from the current fiscal’s 58% target. The tariff rationalizations, which cover a broad swath of items ranging from electronics, gems and jewellery, chemicals, inputs used by MSME units and project and capital goods, could, however, have varying short-term impacts. Specifically, the move to phase out the concessional rates in capital goods and project imports gradually and apply a moderate tariff of 7.5% could in the short term hurt infrastructure projects and the setting up of new manufacturing capacity, some proposed exemptions for advanced machinery notwithstanding. The Minister has tried to address the raging debate over how to deal with virtual currencies by adopting a twin track approach. On the one hand Ms. Sitharaman proposes to introduce in the coming fiscal year a Central Bank Digital Currency that she posits will impart a big boost to the digital economy and “lead to a more efficient and cheaper currency management system”. The RBI issued Digital Rupee would leverage block chain and other related technologies. In parallel, she intends to tax income from the transfer of any virtual digital asset at the rate of 30%, with deduction allowed only for the cost of acquisition. It remains to be seen if the Government’s efforts at bringing the mushrooming trade and investment in a multiplicity of virtual digital assets including crypto currencies under the tax net would have a salutary impact besides adding a revenue stream to the exchequer. The Minister’s latest budget also skirts mention of the asset monetization plan mentioned in the last Budget and shows a sharp decline in capital receipts from disinvestment. With just ₹65,000 crore budgeted from asset sale for fiscal 2023, as opposed to ₹78,000 crore as per the revised estimates for the current fiscal, the Minister has had to increase gross borrowings to ₹14.95 lakh crore, a 24% increase from the current fiscal’s budget estimate but a far sharper 43% jump from the revised estimate of ₹10.46 lakh crore. The resource crunch manifest in the proposed higher debt issuance is ultimately bound to get more acute in the days ahead, given the Budget’s lack of growth invigorating proposals.
The Hindu Editorial Words with meanings, synonyms, and antonyms
Entrench (verb) – To place, lay or set firmly in surrounding matter
Synonyms – Ensconce, inculcate, wedge, grub, imbue
Antonyms – Dissuade, eradicate, bloat, dislodge, ascend
Transformative (adjective) – Causing a marked change in someone or something
Synonyms – Revamping, deformation, distortion, mutation, transition
Antonyms – Tedious, mundane, insipid, bland, humdrum
Refrain (noun) – A phrase or passage that is recited, such as during prayer or meditation
Synonyms – Intonation, axiom, aphorism, colloquialism, epithet
Antonyms – Indulge, embrace, persist, collaborate, endure
Shrunk (verb) – To make or become physically smaller in size
Synonyms – Deflated, constricted, shriveled, squeezed, truncated
Antonyms – Proliferated, dilated, protracted, swarmed, exaggerated
Consolidation (noun) – The action of joining together, or the fact of being joined together
Synonyms – Coadunation, melding, assimilation, enosis, agglutination
Antonyms –Scission, bifurcation, dispersal, sundering, antagonism
Illuminate (verb) – To light up or brighten with light
Synonyms – Emblaze, ignite, beacon, emanate, gleam
Antonyms – Bedim, mystify, shroud, murk, obfuscate
Solace (noun) – Comfort or consolation in a time of great distress or sadness
Synonyms –Palliation, mollification, amelioration, extrication, anodyne
Antonyms –Disdain, scorn, wrath, malevolence, callousness
Exacerbated (verb) – To have intensified
Synonyms –Aggravated, accentuated, exalted, amassed, parlayed
Antonyms –Truncated, slackened, tapered, abridged, curtailed
Bolster (verb) – To strengthen or provide support to
Synonyms –Bulwark, truss, cradle, strut, indurate
Antonyms –Condemn, enervate, perpetrate, stifle, squash
Invigorating (adjective) – Giving strength, energy and vitality
Synonyms –Restorative, exhilarative, salubrious, fascinating, aesthetic
Antonyms –Sapping, soporific, devastating, debilitating, enfeebling